Lpez-Arjona M, Mainau E, Navarro E, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Mateo SV, Manteca X, Cern JJ, Martnez-Subiela S. BMC Vet Res. Theriogenology. This project was supported by MICINN and FEDER [AGL201679096-R and PID2020-113493RB-I00] Madrid (Spain), Seneca Foundation [19892/GERM/15] Murcia (Spain), European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (H2020-MSCA-IF-2019-891382). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Llavanera M, Delgado-Bermdez A, Mateo-Otero Y, Padilla L, Romeu X, Roca J, et al. Meconium staining is a good indicator that the piglets are oxygen deprived. Ejaculate volume (mL) was measured by depositing the freshly collected ejaculate in a graduated cylinder while sperm concentration (106 sperm/mL) was measured with an automated cell counter (NucleoCounter NC-100TM; ChemoMetec, Allerod, Denmark). While oxytocin Labor induction versus expectant management for low-risk nulliparous women. For many reasons, such as an enthusiasm for a specific birth plan and/or medication-free childbirth, some women may perceive using Pitocin as a failure or disappointment. Willenburg KL, Miller GM, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Knox RV. Disclaimer. The desired pattern can be different for each woman. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Improper oxytocin use can also cause an increased number of stillbirths by causing ruptured umbilical cords that lead to decreased oxygen delivery to the piglet during birth. Cern JJ, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Escribano D, Martnez-Mir S, Lpez-Martnez MJ, Ortn-Bustillo A, Franco-Martnez L, Rubio CP, Muoz-Prieto A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Lpez-Arjona M, Martnez-Subiela S, Tecles F. BMC Vet Res. Focusing on male pigs, the OXT concentrations measured in SP in this study were higher than those previously reported in saliva samples also collected from boars used in AI programs and measured using the same procedure [36]. 2012;77(7):146679. to avoid possible seasonal effects and whose AI-semen inseminated >100 sows. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-1127-3. Morgan HL, Watkins AJ. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(92)90376-F. Akoglu H. Users guide to correlation coefficients. L.P and M.L-A were financially supported by MINECO (BES-2016-076404) and MECD (FPU16/02170), Spain, respectively. Which one of the following medications contains ADH and oxytocin is a ration of 20:1? Intracellular ROS generation in viable sperm was measured in semen samples of 50L extended in 950L of PBS and incubated with 1.5L of H-42 (0.05mg/mL in PBS), 1L of PI (0.5mg/mL in PBS), and 1L of 5- (and 6-) chloromethyl-20,70-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA, 1mmol/L in dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) at 38C in darkness for 30min. Maternal deaths due to hypertensive episodes, subarachnoid hemorrhage, rupture of the uterus, and fetal deaths due to various causes have been reported associated with the use of parenteral oxytocic drugs for induction of labor or for augmentation in the first and second stages of labor. The SP concentrations of OXT are boar, ejaculate and age dependent, and positively related with ejaculate volume and farrowing rates of liquid-stored semen AI-doses. Theriogenology. Semin Cell Dev Biol. Small amounts of the drug probably reach the fetal circulation. In addition, oxytocin concentrations were significantly higher at day 1 of lactation than at day 9 after farrowing, but levels increased at day 20 again. Waclawik A, Blitek A, Ziecik AJ. Robertson SA. Lpez-Arjona M, Tecles F, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martnez-Mir S, Cern JJ, Martnez-Subiela S. Biology (Basel). Maggi M, Malozowski S, Kassis S, Guardabasso V, Rodbard D. Identification and characterization of two classes of receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in porcine tunica albuginea, epididymis, and vas deferens. Boars with positive farrowing rate deviation showed ejaculates with higher (P<0.05) SP concentrations of OXT (meanSEM; 21.944.24ng/mL) than boars with negative farrowing rate deviation (9.040.82ng/mL) (Fig. 2007 Mar;1098:312-22. doi: 10.1196/annals.1384.006. Brian Levine, MD, MS, FACOG, is board-certified in obstetrics-gynecology, as well as reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI). Sperm functional parameters were assessed in semen samples extended in the same Biosem+ extender used to prepare AI-doses, to a final concentration of 30106 sperm/mL. Boars of the same breed are genetically very similar, at least those used in our study. WebPitocin is made from pregnant pig hormones. 2013;(7):CD009241. Pitocin (oxytocin injection, USP) is a sterile, clear, colorless aqueous solution of synthetic oxytocin, for intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection. For sperm viability, semen aliquots of 100L were incubated with 3L H-42 (0.05mg/mL in PBS), 2L propidium iodide (PI, 0.5mg/mL in PBS) and 2L fluorescein-conjugated peanut agglutinin (PNA-FITC, 100g/mL in PBS) during 10min at 37C in darkness (Sanyo MIR-153 incubator, Gemini BV, Apeldoorn, Netherlands). Other means of therapy, however, may be required in such cases. Oxytocin causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus and of the mammary gland. Because of the variability of the combinations of factors which may be present in the conditions listed above, the definition of "unusual circumstances" must be left to the judgment of the physician. Anim. 2020;97:1317. Glutathione peroxidase 5 is expressed by the entire pig male genital tract and once in the seminal plasma contributes to sperm survival and in vivo fertility. However, it's difficult to objectively separate the effects of the drug and what might have happened without Pitocin, as this can not be known. Do your own research. Saliva can be a 1998;41(1):1722. 2020;11:565731. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.814821x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.09.005. [47] in pigs, which showed that OXT is particularly active in the accessory glands, more specifically in the prostate. Thackare H, Nicholson HD, Whittington K. Oxytocin--its role in male reproduction and new potential therapeutic uses. The proved presence of OXTR along segments of the male reproductive tract of several mammalian species would confirm a local action of OXT [45, 46]. The harvested SP was microscopically examined (Eclipse E400; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) to check for sperm presence. Biol Reprod. and transmitted securely. When oxytocin is used for induction or reinforcement of already existent labor, patients should be carefully selected. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. The following adverse reactions have been reported in the fetus or neonate: Premature ventricular contractions and other arrhythmias. Attention should be given to tonus, amplitude and frequency of contractions, and to the fetal heart rate in relation to uterine contractions. eCollection 2021. Indicators of need for obstetrical assistance are bloody discharge from the vulva, no piglets have been born in at least 40 minutes, obvious pain or straining, or a history of stillbirths. PubMed The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Assessing Affective States in Livestock. Boar age differed (P<0.05) between the two SP-OXT groups. Seminal OXT was measured using a direct competitive immunoassay test based on AlphaLISA technology, adapted to pig SP samples, using a monoclonal anti-oxytocin antibody highly specific for OXT [36] (Fig. Boars were subjected to a regular ejaculate collection (twice weekly) to produce semen AI-doses. Violin plots showing the oxytocin (OXT) concentration measured in seminal plasma (SP) samples from entire ejaculates (n=61) collected from boars of different breeds (Duroc, n=14; Pietrain, n=18; Landrace, n=15; Large White, n=14) used as semen donors in artificial insemination programs. The influence of seminal plasma on offspring development and health. The percentage of viable sperm exhibiting high intracellular ROS generation (H-42+/PI/2,7-di-chlorofluorescein [DCF]+) was recorded. Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone which is synthesized as an inactive precursor in the hypothalamus along with its carrier protein neurophysin I. 2014;23(1):9-16. doi:10.1891/1058-1243.23.1.9, Grobman, WA, et al. 2021 Apr 1;17(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02838-5. Article Robin Elise Weiss, PhD, MPH is a professor, author, childbirth and postpartum educator, certified doula, and lactation counselor. The SP samples were stored in 3mL-cryotubes at 80C (Ultra Low Freezer; Haier Inc., Qingdao, China) until OXT measurement. 10 Units/mL, Pitocin Although the specific components of SP involved in these reproductive events have not yet been fully identified, proteins and peptides would be among the major contributors [8]. These differences were expected considering (1) variations in OXT concentrations have been reported when different OXT quantification methods are used [38], circumstance occurring among the three studies mentioned above, including the present report and (2) that differences between species in other SP components (proteins) had been previously reported and could due to species-related differences in mating strategy (vaginal vs uterine) [39]. Seitchik J, Castillo M: Oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor. Arch Exp Vet. Overstimulation of the uterus by improper administration can be hazardous to both mother and fetus. Its rapid removal from plasma is accomplished largely by the kidney and the liver. IV. volume12, Articlenumber:101 (2021) Elabd C, Cousin W, Upadhyayula P, Chen RY, Chooljian MS, Li J, et al. Then, the fact that there is individual but not breed differences would rule out the genetic origin. 2022 May 23;16:899397. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.899397. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. These properties are thought to be due to the fact that oxytocin and vasopressin differ in regard to only two of the eight amino acids (see PRECAUTIONS section). Prez-Patio C, Parrilla I, Barranco I, Vergara-Barbern M, Sim-Alfonso EF, Herrero-Martnez JM, et al. Theriogenology. Moreover, the boars were also grouped into three further sub-groups according to deviations in total litter size: positive (from 0.22 to 0.83 piglets, n=6), without (from 0.15 to 0.11 piglets, n=8) and negative (from 0.22 to 0.42 piglets, n=4) deviation (Fig. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 2020;9:114. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Accordingly, the results showed that SP-OXT concentrations were positively related to farrowing rate but not to total litter size. Pitocin (Oxytocin Injection, USP) Synthetic is available as follows: NDC 42023-116-25 Packages of twenty-five oversized 1-mL single-dose vials, each containing 10 units of oxytocin. However, these concerns are not easy to affirm or dismiss because the perception of pain is quite subjective and variable. The Spearman correlation coefficients showed that the SP concentrations of OXT were correlated with ejaculate volume (R=0.46; P<0.01) and proportions of viable spermatozoa showing both high ROS generation (R=0.34; P<0.05) and high plasma membrane fluidity (R=0.35; P<0.05) in the semen samples analyzed at 0h of liquid storage (AdditionalFile1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00620-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00620-z. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00160. Recuero S, Fernandez-Fuertes B, Bonet S, Barranco I, Yeste M. Potential of seminal plasma to improve the fertility of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Artificial insemination in pigs: predicting male fertility. Theriogenology. For this purpose, it is given by injection either into a muscle or into a vein. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. The action of sexual intercourse in stimulating labour is unclear, it may in part be due to the physical stimulation of the lower uterine segment, or endogenous release of oxytocin as a result of orgasm or from the direct action of prostaglandins in semen. The control sows were allowed to farrow without intervention. In Experiment 1, one-way ANOVA was used to investigate inter-breed, inter-boar variability on SP-OXT concentrations and intra-boar reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation (ICC) in a two-way mixed approach (ICC 3,1). Oxytocin is frequently used to decrease farrowing time and birth interval as an aid to prevent stillbirths. 2004;318(2):37582. Novak S, Ruiz-Sanchez A, Dixon WT, Foxcroft GR, Dyck MK. Specifically, more than 200106 sperm/mL, 70% motile sperm and 75% sperm with normal morphology. Oxytocin in bovine saliva: validation of two assays and changes in parturition and at weaning. Don't force Front Vet Sci. Another common indication is when labor does not start on its own, particularly if the mother and/or baby is in any distress. Following intramuscular injection of the drug, uterine response occurs within 3 to 5 minutes and persists for 2 to 3 hours. Oxytocin is a hormone of interest in reproduction, but also in the field of psychology and behavior, being considered as a biomarker of positive emotions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:777780. 1999;51(4):85565. If uterine contractions become too powerful, the infusion can be abruptly stopped, and oxytocic stimulation of the uterine musculature will soon wane (see. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help J Animal Sci Biotechnol 12, 101 (2021). There are no animal or human studies on the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of this drug, nor is there any information on its effect on fertility. Oxytocin pharmacokinetics. Moreover, SP has immunoregulatory properties, causing a favorable immune environment for sperm and embryos in the female genital tract [9]. This is done in the following way. 4B). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Some women worry that using Pitocin will result in more painful labor. 2021 Aug 2;8:715261. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715261. Moreover, childbirth including Pitocin is no less beautiful or heroic than a "natural" oneand the important thing is the baby that ends up in your arms. Proteomic characterization and cross species comparison of mammalian seminal plasma. In addition, the ejaculates of the Mostaf study showed clear differences in oxidative stress between fertile and infertile donors, being more accused in the latter. Endocrinology. Where there is significant cephalopelvic disproportion; In unfavorable fetal positions or presentations, such as transverse lies, which are undeliverable without conversion prior to delivery; In obstetrical emergencies where the benefit-to-risk ratio for either the fetus or the mother favors surgical intervention; In fetal distress where delivery is not imminent; Where adequate uterine activity fails to achieve satisfactory progress; Where the uterus is already hyperactive or hypertonic; In cases where vaginal delivery is contraindicated, such as invasive cervical carcinoma, active herpes genitalis, total placenta previa, vasa previa, and cord presentation or prolapse of the cord; In patients with hypersensitivity to the drug. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12248. I. Deviations are with respect to the breed means represented by the value 0 on the X-axis. Although no studies have measured the concentration of oxytocin in the different segments of the male genital tract, it is reasonable to think that the concentration of OXT in SP was positively related to the total amount secreted by the different male reproductive tissues and, therefore, to the contractile capacity of the smooth muscle of these tissues. 2013;(8):CD006794. Cell Tissue Res. When peripheral nerves are stimulated, oxytocin is released into circulation wher it acts to induce smooth muscle contraction. However, the number of intrapartum stillborn deaths and ruptured umbilical cords per litter were significantly higher among the oxytocin treated sows versus the control sows. There are many reasons Pitocin is used to induce labor. The parameters assessed were: (1) ejaculate volume, (2) sperm concentration, (3) total sperm count, (4) sperm morphology, (5) sperm motility (total and progressive), (6) integrity of plasma and acrosomal sperm membranes (sperm viability), (7) intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by viable spermatozoa and (8) membrane lipid disorder of viable spermatozoa. New England Journal of Medicine2018; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800566, Wei S, Wo BL, Qi HP, et al. Article Oxytocin promotes contractions by increasing the intracellular Ca2+. Unless otherwise specified, reagents and equipment for OXT measurements were from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA) and fluorochromes for sperm analyses from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 23% of deliveries in the United States are induced. The following adverse reactions have been reported in the mother: Excessive dosage or hypersensitivity to the drug may result in uterine hypertonicity, spasm, tetanic contraction, or rupture of the uterus. Contractile activity of vasotocin, oxytocin, and vasopressin on mammalian prostate. Intramuscular administration. Figure 1 Phases of the bovine estrous cycle. The primary goal of Pitocin induction is to mimic the natural process of labor with an artificial or a synthetic dosage of naturally occurring hormones in a womans body. Prostaglandin is one of the hormones that is produced naturally by the sow to end pregnancy and start the farrowing process. Lpez-Arjona M, Escribano D, Mateo SV, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Tecles F, Cern JJ, Martnez-Subiela S. Res Vet Sci. Jung Y, Yoon M. Oxytocin receptor expression in stallion testes and epididymides. Accurate control of the rate of infusion is essential and is best accomplished by an infusion pump. This data indicated that the percent of litters with one or more still births was increased in each of the farms when oxytocin was given to the sow some time during the birth process (Figure 1). Consideration should, therefore, be given to the possibility of water intoxication, particularly when oxytocin is administered continuously by infusion and the patient is receiving fluids by mouth. Google Scholar. The other sperm parameters were assessed by flow cytometry (BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer, Becton Dickinson & Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Cyclopropane anesthesia may modify oxytocin's cardiovascular effects, so as to produce unexpected results such as hypotension. 1987;120(3):98694. ** P<0.01, *P<0.05. In contrast, this same study indicated that 88% of stillbirths were recorded before the 5th pig was born when sows were administered a single dose of oxytocin after the first pig was born. 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Fact that there is individual but not breed differences would rule out the genetic origin oxytocin augmentation of labor.: oxytocin augmentation of dysfunctional labor //doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999 ( 92 ) 90376-F. Akoglu H. Users guide correlation... Contains ADH and oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormone which is synthesized as an aid to stillbirths... Were financially supported by MINECO ( BES-2016-076404 ) and MECD ( FPU16/02170 ),,!, it is given by injection either into a vein to check sperm...
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