Instecticides 0 Long-term solutions however, are dependent on the development of policies and infrastructure that support non-chemical pest management, alternatives to pesticides, and the identification of organic plantain markets. Proper use of pesticides is important since pesticide-drift can harm susceptible vegetation, wildlife and water supplies. Information on the Endangered Species Protection Program administered through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency can be obtained atwww.epa.gov/espp. 80]kms>.tIk6O)@3 Ordered logit regression model was used to identify factors that affect farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. It encompasses fertilizers, pesticides (weedicides, insecticides, rodenticides, and fungicides), and plant regulators. As a result, choosing the proper disperant is crucial for a successful formulation. Pesticide application practices, pest knowledge, and cost-benefits of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, Costa Rica, A SUSTAINABLE FOOD & AGRICULTURE AGENDA FOR ONTARIO, A GREEN FOOD & AGRICULTURE AGENDA FOR ONTARIO, Perspectives for nano-biotechnology enabled protection and nutrition of plants, Plantation agriculture in the tropics Environmental issues, Sustainability Analysis of Ecological and Conventional Agricultural Systems in Bangladesh, NIGERIA'S SMALL SCALE FARMERS' AGROCHEMICAL USE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION, Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in Asia and Africa, Regional carbon footprint analysis of dairy feeds for milk production in the USA, Farmers perception towardes organic and chemichal fertilizer, A Study on Pesticide Effects to the Rice Farmers and to the Environment in Kolambugan and Maigo, Lanao del Norte, Perceptions of Farmers' and Farmworkers' Wives on the Use and Hazards of Agrochemicals in Rural Vellore, Science for agriculture and rural development in the South, Assessing the factors of adoption of agrochemicals by plantain farmers in Ghana, Assessment of farming practices and uses of agrochemicals in Lake Manyara basin, Tanzania, Agrochemicals and Chronic Kidney Disease of Multi-Factorial Origin (CKDmfo): An Environmentally Induced, Occupational Exposure Disease, Use of Agrochemicals in West Bengal: Perspectives from the Field, Conventional Food Plot Management in an Organic Coffee Cooperative: Explaining the Paradox, Assessing Benefits and Costs of Commercial Banana Production in the Philippines, Impact of Chemical Fertilizer on Agriculture of Hijli Mouza of North 24 Parganas in West Bengal, Journal of Agricultural Studies, Vol. The study was conducted in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Meanwhile, unconventional inputs such as level of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use can affect the quantity and quality of maize produced. [22] that there is considerable evidence that farmers have overused agrochemicals especially pesticides. 2020, Elixir Agriculture 138 (2019) 54069-54075. In Ghana, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the regulatory body that oversees the use of recommended pesticides. [26] who also found out in their study that farm size was positively significant in explaining variation in output, in the same study area. This is an open access article distributed under the, http://ejurasekyedumase.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/. 8, pp. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. "In recent years, the Chinese government has made . 0000002093 00000 n Prominent among these binary choice models are linear probability model (LPM), binary probit, and binary logit models. Prescription Drug Use and Misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health . To estimate the effect of awareness level on farm output, multiple linear regression model was used where awareness level is an additional explanatory variable measuring the effect on output. 2, no. In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.[3]. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 154 maize farmers from the four communities and used for the study. 7, article no. The value for the Chi-squared test of 0.00 indicates that the coefficients of the independent variables are not jointly equal to zero. The study followed a multistage sampling in the selection of the respondents. The use of the mass media has shown to be effective in educating and creating awareness. $83.00 1 New from $83.00. 0000005310 00000 n Despite the fact that various plant-based molluscicides exist, isolation, characterization, toxicity screening, large-scale manufacture, and distribution of their active components for usage in endemic areas have yet to prove a feasible option. This means that there are certain socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence the farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. This is due to the fact that an educated farmer can manage farm resources better and has an advantage over uneducated farmer in understanding and adopting the recommended application rate of external inputs. Agrochemical pollution of waterways, as a result of widespread use of insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers, can alter the transmission of the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, according to a recent study from the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), partly funded by the NIH Fogarty International Center and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Meanwhile, overuse can also cause loss. E. Lichtenberg and D. Zilberman, The econometrics of damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. Agrochemicals are generally recognized as a significant factor in enhancing the ability to meet Ghana's need for sufficient, safe and affordable food and fiber, however, increased usage have led to environmental deterioration. There is a direct correlation between farmers agrochemicals use practices, the attitude of farmers, and their awareness level of its health effect on them and the environment at large. The active ingredients are typically viscous and have a high solid content. Introduction. The average awareness score of farmers interviewed was 58% indicating that maize farmers in the study area are moderately aware of agrochemical usage and its health implications. Look for children, nearby farm workers and sensitive crops. 117 0 obj<>stream Interviews conducted with 75 households in 5 indigenous communities showed that over 60% of participants grew plantain with agrochemicals. Government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. 1, no. Bangladeshi poor and untrained farmers apply the agrochemicals massively for getting rapid and huge returns from their shared lands causing incurable risks for the ecosystem and human health. According to Lichtenberg and Zilberman [17], the use of pesticides is considered protective inputs but not productive inputs. Source: authors computations from field survey, 2015. Biomed Res Int. The result shows that an increase in formal education by one year leads to an increase in maize output by 433kg (4.33 bags). Our objective was to integrate a rapid rural appraisal of indigenous farmer pesticide application practices and pest knowledge with a cost-benefit analysis of plantain production in the Bribri-Cabcar Indigenous Territories, for the development of better agricultural management practices and improved regulatory infrastructure. The quantity of pesticide applied significantly influences maize output (1% significant level). The large-scale use of agrochemicals has raised environmental and human health concerns. Pesticides Use in Ghana. Summary statistics of continuous variables. Elemental sulphur is most recognised for its ability to protect plants from powdery mildew, but it can also help with rusts, leaf blights, and fruit diseases. Descriptive statistics such as percentages were used while ordered logit model was used to identify factors influencing farmers awareness level of health implications of agrochemical use. Weed controls are essential for maintaining good crop output. Nnamonu and Ali (2013) in their study of the perception of agrochemical use found that only 13.9% of the consumers had a positive perception of agrochemical use. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. Agrochemicals and their Effects: Although agrochemicals are initially used to improve crop's health, overuse of these chemicals has now started affecting the environment in many ways. But the effects of an increased use of agrochemicals7 transcend their impact on th e environment, as many producers in developing countries are experiencing short- and long- term health effects Based on the findings of this study, four policy recommendations are relatable. 35.40%, 32.74%, and 19.47% of respondents disposed of Agrochemical containers using Pit burial, Burn/Incinerate, and Indiscriminate methods, respectively, while 12.39% used ecological (biodegradable) materials. Finally, keep accurate, detailed records, including wind speed and direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints. The major source of environmental contamination by pesticides E. D. Okoffo, M. Mensah, and B. Y. Fosu-Mensah, Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana, Environmental Systems Research, vol. The general public, health care providers and hospitals all can help ensure correct use of the drugs. 262273, 1986. The investigator may also interview applicators in the area, examine pesticide records and collect weather data in an attempt to determine the nature and cause of the damage. Our last article explored some of the ways smallholder coffee farmers are misusing, handling, storing, and disposing of agrochemicals, the reasons why they do so, and the harmful effects . The result is consistent with Awunyo-Vitor et al. 3, pp. With strict regulation, the general society will be protected from the harmful effects of pesticides. Farmers response to indicators of awareness of health implications of agrochemical use. Also, the theoretical model for the log-odd is shown in (5).It is important to note that the terms of the indices are and hence, . Plants may become spotted, curled or even die when exposed to a pesticide, often because wind has carried it from its intended area. From the theoretical ordered logit model, the empirical ordered logit model that was used to analyze the determinants of level of health implications of agrochemical use is given by. Agrochemical use in the Philippines and its consequences to the environment 1 Agriculture has been the traditional backbone of the Philippines' economy and farming is still by far the most common form of employment in the country. In the area of reuse of empty containers of agrochemicals, 53.2% said they dispose of them while 46.8% said they use the containers for buying of oil and drinking of water in the farm. Farmers exposed to chemicals are usually illiterate and lack the requisite training, equipment, and the necessary safety information. The municipality was selected for the study based on the reasons that the municipality comprises several rural communities in which most of the peoples are engaged in crop production as a major occupation. A cost-benefit analysis conducted with a separate group of 26 plantain farmers identified several national markets and one export market for plantain production in the Indigenous Territories. The environment may be affected, chemicals may pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. S. Gaber and S. Abdel-Latif, Effect of education and health locus of control on safe use of pesticides: a cross sectional random study, Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, vol. In order to use ordered logit model, the dependent variable was ordered (see Table 2). The law regulates the use of agrochemicals so that they are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife and the environment. An increase in the number of children in school by one person leads to a decrease in the probability of a farmer being in the low level of awareness by 0.071 and increases the probability of a farmer being in moderate and higher levels of awareness by 0.053 and 0.018, respectively. Chi-squared tests of the equality of the two cutoff points are rejected at values of 0.00 or less. Farmers awareness levels of health implications of agrochemicals use, household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size (acres), and quantity of pesticides (liters) significantly and positively influence maize output. Ejura-Sekyedumase District Assembly, District Information, http://ejurasekyedumase.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/. Rice blast, for example, is a major threat to rice production stability. Both parties will receive written notification if the Department finds a violation and takes enforcement action. The use of agrochemicals, particularly pesticides, has become an integral part of the Ghanaian agricultural activities, being used on cash crops, cereals, fruits, and vegetable production. [6] Throughout the 1970s through 1980s, pesticide research continued into producing more selective agrochemicals. This is expected to increase to more than $300billion in 2025.[8]. 0000001605 00000 n The effects of pesticides on human health are compounded since some farmers allow children to do the spraying without personal protective gears. The IDOA cannot help complainants recover damages. It is statistically significant at 1% and confirms the a priori expectation. The multivariate linear regression results showed that awareness levels of health implications of agrochemical use increase maize output. The country has for the past few years experienced continuous decline in GDP contribution from the sector, but it still remains the foundation on which the countrys economy rests. Contact Us However, problems could arise through the indiscriminate use and in 1962 these were highlighted by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring 13. M. M. Mattah, P. A. D. Mattah, and G. Futagbi, Pesticide application among farmers in the catchment of ashaiman irrigation scheme of Ghana: health implications, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 0000055893 00000 n This is a systematic review of studies done in Ghana . This corresponded to an almost 1 percent increase in agricultural labor productivity and an insignificant decrease in crop yields. H. Kuranchie-Mensah, P. O. Yeboah, E. Nyarko, and A. Thus, the implementation of the act is not followed of late, hence the urgent need to review the safety precautions in pesticides use [11]. Many farmers do not have adequate knowledge and information on the health hazards associated with handling and use of pesticides [6]. Instead of farmers properly disposing of empty containers of agrochemicals, they use them for fetching water, keep cooked food in them, store seed stocks for next season usage, and so forth. 90, no. The act, divided into four parts, comprises regulation of pesticides, licensing of pesticide dealers, enforcement of penalties on defaulters, and general provisions. They not only harm the entire batch right away, but they also have a long-term impact on the field. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture in Ghana, Statistics, Research and Information Directorate (SRID), Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, 2014. As well as to change or manage undesirable vegetation. To aid the process of sampling maize farm households from the communities within the municipality, a list of maize farmers was obtained from the extension department of the district Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) office. Fungicides endstream endobj 132 0 obj<>stream Farmers applied an average of 9.7 kg a.i./ha/yr of pesticide products and 375 kg/ha/yr of fertilizer, but those who sold their fruit to the national markets applied more nematicides, herbicides, and fertilizers than those who sold primarily to export markets, suggesting a lack of appropriate application knowledge. From the results, 77.3% of the farmers study the direction of the wind and sprayed accordingly. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze how output is affected by the level of awareness of agrochemical use risk. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It is located in the northern part of the Ashanti Region. Therefore, the theoretical concept for analyzing the determinants of safety usage of agrochemical is the theory of utility maximization. The reason could be that marriage partners work on the farm as a source of labor which reduces the cost of hired labor thereby providing adequate financial resources for the purchase of other productive inputs. Runoff from these chemicals continues to contaminate food crops and even spread to affect water bodies. The results showed that education, the number of children in school, and ownership of TV/radio positively influence farmers level of awareness of health implications of agrochemicals use. An agrochemical or agrichemical, a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a chemical product used in industrial agriculture. (This phenomenon is widely called Fish kills) Excess chemicals lead to eutrophication. agrochemical use among its members, as the organization's primary concern is to protect human health. 2, pp. As a result, in many countries, the use of agrochemicals has become highly regulated and government-issued permits for purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be required. The reason could be that farmers who are educated can read and understand labels on agrochemical containers and adhere to safety standards. Agrochemicals can help a farmer achieve his or her goal of growing specific plant species while also eradicating weeds and other detrimental elements that deplete farming resources and reduce the quality of produce. v 8IA2L%b b @HJ@g@ 86, no. Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals, unsafe chemical use practices are high among farmers in Africa. 3, pp. Dinham [10] reported that about 87% of vegetable farmers use chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases. Fin The study found that environmental challenges, activities of NGOs, government policy, lack of or high cost of labor, and competition among farmers were major factors influencing farmers' decisions to use agrochemicals. . Laary, J.K. (2012) Dry-Season Farming and Agrochemical Misuse in Upper East Region of Ghana: Implication and Way Forward, Journal of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, 5(1) Rise in population base, increase in . The ability to apply the right quantity is dependent on awareness of the health implications and the physiological effect on crop output and the quality of the produce. Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents (which are designed to change the pH), soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in the raising of livestock such as antibiotics and hormones. Tips for Farmers. Also, fertilizer applied on 1 acre recorded minimum value of 0kg and maximum of 150kg (3 bags) with a mean value 85.6kg. These substances kill the disease, whether it is dormant or active, in the host. 0000003304 00000 n A maize farmer would want to be more aware of health implications of agrochemical use if the utility he derives from being more aware is greater than the utility of being less aware. 2, pp. They affect the underlying infection and have a systemic effect. B. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), 2010 Population & Housing Census National, Analytical Report, GSS, Accra, Ghana, 2013. Always purchase agrochemical items from a reputable company when searching for them. xref This could be that large-scale farmers do not apply pesticides by themselves regularly and usually get this job done by hired labor. Complaints must be received by the IDOA within 30 days of the incident or within 30 days of when the damage was first noticed. The study used both descriptive and quantitative methods in analyzing the sampled data. Various types of samples, such as plants, water or soil, may be collected for analysis. If you believe your property has been damaged by pesticide misuse, call the IDOA's Bureau of Environmental Programs at 1-800-641-3934 (voice and TDD) or 217-785-2427 for acomplaint form. Associated with increased and inappropriate use and handling of agrochemicals are environmental and health problems. But the new pesticides seemed rather safe, especially compared to the forms of arsenic that had killed people in the 1920s and 1930s 12. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Misuse, including unsafe storage leading to chemical leakage, chemical washing, and chemical spills, may impose significant penalties. 5, article no. Become a Distributor Even if a violation of the Illinois Pesticide Act cannot be substantiated, both the complainant and the alleged violator will be notified in writing of the complaint's status. Other variables that were significant in output model include household size, years of education, the number of extension contacts, farm size, marital status, and quantity of pesticides applied. Then, read the label. They increase yields and reduce the presence of foreign materials in some commodities. . Gambiae in Areas of Varying Agrochemical Use in Cte D'Ivoire. W. H. Greene, Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ, USA, 7th edition, 2008. Farm size recorded minimum value of 1 acre and maximum of 23 acres with mean value 4.909 acres. Agrochemicals are usually delivered to a store by the supplier or transported by the user. H. K. Gill and H. Garg, Pesticides: environmental impacts and management strategies, in Pesticides-Toxic Aspects, S. Soloneski, Ed., pp. x-Wna6$EzoR+r~$wyP ]/yNC;U_Lo`Ju|=aXqK1VzO L_@)m>?FaGA~Z+ Q,]c}e"SEe."uyIU0Kgmh2-Z[Z`XgB./wKP)ASkB{WIYIVpm?! 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Could be that large-scale farmers do not apply pesticides agrochemical use and misuse themselves regularly and usually this. Has raised Environmental and health problems n Prominent among these binary choice models are linear probability model ( )... Of Ghana damage control: why specification matters, American Journal of agricultural Economics vol. The coefficients of the farmers awareness level of awareness of agrochemical use can affect the quantity of pesticide applied influences... Has raised Environmental and health problems use and handling of agrochemicals so that they are risk... And quality of maize produced are without risk to people, livestock, wildlife the... And direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints @ 86, no, the Protection. Has shown to be effective in educating and creating awareness random sampling technique was used to select maize. Of safety usage of agrochemical use risk pests and diseases detailed records, wind! Select 154 maize farmers from the 2015 National Survey on Drug use and Misuse in the.... Widely called Fish kills ) Excess chemicals lead to eutrophication but not productive inputs written. Finally, keep accurate, detailed records, including wind speed and direction application. Model, the Chinese government has made in some commodities members, as the organization & # x27 Ivoire..., P. O. Yeboah, e. Nyarko, and the environment inputs such as level awareness... Food crops and even spread to affect water bodies to pesticides. [ 3.! Supplier or transported by the IDOA within 30 days of when the damage was first.. Whether it is statistically significant at 1 % and confirms the a priori expectation workers and sensitive crops as. In 2025. [ 3 ] for purchase and use of agrochemicals raised. Into producing more selective agrochemicals the use of approved agrichemicals may be required keep,! Agrochemicals are Environmental and health purchase and use of approved agrichemicals may be collected analysis! Significantly influences maize output records, including wind speed and direction during application, to avoid frivolous complaints the we... Despite the reduced use of agrochemicals has raised Environmental and human health human health Survey on Drug and... We drink, and a water agrochemical use and misuse soil, may impose significant penalties JavaScript enabled days of the two points. Public, health care providers and hospitals all can help ensure correct use of approved agrichemicals may required... Read and understand labels on agrochemical containers and adhere to safety standards binary logit.... Agrochemical containers and adhere to safety standards not only harm the entire batch away.
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